Black Friday Code: DIGEST35
Virtual Clinic Store
Virtual Clinic Store
Articles
Evidence based
Evidence Based

This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by experts.

Our team of licensed nutritionists and dietitians strive to be objective, unbiased, honest and to present both sides of the argument.

This article contains scientific references. The numbers in the parentheses (1, 2, 3) are clickable links to peer-reviewed scientific papers.

The 6 Best Gut Health Supplements | 2024

Written by Michael Ruscio on November 11, 2024

Kellie Blake

Written by Michael Ruscio on November 11, 2024 — Reviewed by Kellie Blake Kellie Blake

Gut health sits at the center of overall health and well-being. Nearly every nutrient our body needs comes to us through the foods we eat, and we rely heavily on our gut microbiome to break down and assimilate those nutrients. When digestive function begins to degrade, so too do other systems and processes that help our bodies and health thrive.

If you’ve been experiencing digestive health symptoms like bloating, constipation, diarrhea, cramping, or indigestion, it’s likely time to start thinking about some diet shifts and possibly gut health supplements. If you’ve been experiencing seemingly unrelated symptoms like skin irruptions (acne, rash, rosacea), brain fog, mood changes, unexplained fatigue or headaches, or even sudden hormonal changes, then it may be time to investigate gut health.. 

When it comes to finding the best gut health supplements, some support overall gut health and can benefit a wide variety of people. Others target specific issues like leaky gut, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and other gut challenges that could be causing some of the more disparate symptoms.

Let’s take a look at what I consider the best gut health supplements based on thorough research and my own clinical experience. I’ll start with the ones that are our top picks in the clinic for overall gut health and then drill down into those that may improve more specific gut issues.

The Best Supplements for Gut Health

The supplements I’ll list below have varying amounts of evidence to back up their efficacy for gut health and human health generally. I’ve listed them in order, starting with the one with the most research and clinical evidence.

You’ll notice in the sections below that certain nutrients on this list, like vitamin D for example, are better obtained through means other than supplementation. That doesn’t mean there’s never a reason to supplement. I’ll dive deeper into details in the sections where it’s relevant.

The best supplements for improving overall gut health include:

  1. Probiotics
  2. Glutamine
  3. Curcumin
  4. Butyrate
  5. Vitamin D
  6. Collagen

I don’t mean to imply that it’s time to buy every last one of these today. You might find that one or two work great to noticeably improve your digestive system function. A more scientific and cost-effective approach is to start one at a time and be methodical with a gut-healing protocol. After I go through these, I’ll also share a few more targeted supplements for specific gut situations.

1. Probiotics

Probiotics are almost always the first supplement I reach for when it comes to addressing anything gut-related. The health benefits of probiotics can hardly be understated when considering the abundant research supporting their efficacy. Probiotics introduce good bacteria and fungi into your microbiome to provide a host of health benefits that reach far beyond gut-related symptoms. Benefits of probiotics include 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

  • Correcting dysbiosis
  • Improving leaky gut
  • Reducing immune system activation
  • Anti-inflammatory properties
  • Reducing visceral hypersensitivity
  • Improving motility
  • Improving bowel movements and regularity
  • Treating infections like SIBO, Giardia, and vaginal Candida (yeast infection)
  • Reducing antibiotic-related digestive side effects like diarrhea
  • Improving inflammation-related mood and cognition issues like anxiety, depression, and brain fog through the gut-brain axis 

High-quality research shows that probiotics are consistently better than placebos at improving leaky gut, reducing inflammation, increasing beneficial bacteria and biodiversity, and correcting dysbiosis 2. Each of these conditions is linked to all manner of health challenges, so correcting at the gut level has far-reaching benefits across the whole picture of your health.

Probiotics are an excellent treatment for common gut ailments like IBS, IBD, constipation, and for preventing the side effects of antibiotic treatments 1 6 9 10 11. Low biodiversity in the gut microbiome has been associated with mood issues like anxiety and depression, IBS and IBD symptoms, as well as decreased immune function.

This isn’t to say that taking a daily probiotic will cure every ailment you have, but it’s a key ingredient to improving certain health issues at the root cause. By taking a daily supplement and adding probiotic-rich foods like sauerkraut, kimchi, kefir, kombucha, and plain yogurt to your diet, you will be consistently adding those beneficial microbes into your gut bacteria ecosystem, improving the microbial diversity in your gut, and giving yourself the best chance at getting on top of your health challenges.

How to Choose A Probiotic

Probiotic supplements come in serving sizes of billions—sometimes trillions—of live bacteria and fungi in each capsule or packet. The best probiotics offer a wide variety of probiotic strains and species. Based on observation in my clinic, I recommend including all three categories into one formula for maximum impact. The three types and my recommended dosing are below.

Dosing by Type of Probiotic:

  • Lactobacillus/bifidobacterium: 1–50 billion CFU
    • 2–3 months
  • Bacillus (soil-based) species: 2–6 billion CFU
    • 2–3 months
  • Saccharomyces boulardii: 10–15 billion CFU
    • 2–3 months
best gut health supplements

You may also want to simplify the process by trying my Triple Therapy Probiotic Powder Sticks, which contain the proportions of all three categories above.

Key Point: Probiotics are the most researched gut-supportive supplement available and have been shown to improve all manner of gut challenges. Combine two or three categories for maximum impact.

2. Glutamine

Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in human blood and the main energy source for intestinal cells 12. Studies suggest that it may reduce inflammation and leaky gut by supporting the integrity of tight junctions in the intestinal lining 12 13 14 15.

In the case of leaky gut, those tight junctions become less tight and more permeable, allowing partially digested food and sometimes harmful bacteria out of the intestine and into the bloodstream. When this happens, it can set off a cascade of inflammatory reactions, sometimes leading to an overactive immune system and compromised immune health. When compared to placebo, glutamine was shown to reduce leaky gut and improve IBS symptoms to a large degree 13.

How to Dose Glutamine

While our bodies make glutamine, it can sometimes still be useful to supplement it for additional gut support. When supplementing glutamine, you’ll likely see a label that says “L-glutamine,” as that is the type found most often in foods and supplements. Research suggests that a daily intake of about 15 grams of glutamine per day may reduce leaky gut and improve IBS symptoms by as much as 80% 13.

If you’re looking for a supplement, you’ll likely see dosages anywhere from 500mg to 5000mg per serving. You’ll want to check with your healthcare provider, nutritionist, or registered dietitian to determine an ideal dosage for you based on your diet and other particulars of your health.

My product Gut Rebuild Nutrients contains 1500 mg, which is a great supplement to add to a diet rich in dietary sources of glutamine like beef, poultry, pork, dairy products, raw spinach, and cabbage.

Key Point: Glutamine may reduce leaky gut and gut inflammation.

3. Curcumin

Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant compound found in the culinary spice turmeric. It’s what makes turmeric and curry yellow and has been used medicinally in India for at least 4,000 years 16. Curcumin may block inflammatory pathways and reduce oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs when there are more free radicals than antioxidants in the body, leading to cell damage over time, including cells in the digestive tract 16. 

Human studies have found that curcumin can benefit IBS and IBD symptoms, has the potential to help eradicate H. pylori infection, and is better than a placebo at reducing gut pain, diarrhea, constipation, and indigestion 17 18. An in vitro study suggests it has the potential to reduce leaky gut as well 19. Curcumin also stimulates bile and supports healthy digestion of fats 20.

In the clinic, many clients have noticed that taking 1–2 tablespoons of turmeric or 500–1,000 mg of supplemental curcumin daily improves their gut health. 

Key Point: Curcumin is an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant compound that may benefit those with a range of gut issues.

4. Butyrate

Healthy gut bacteria actually create the short-chain fatty acid butyrate when they digest the fiber we eat 21. Even though your gut bacteria make butyrate, you can also supplement it.

(Side note: Without the live microorganisms in our gut, we wouldn’t be able to digest fiber at all.)

Researchers found that those with digestive issues like IBS and IBD have lower butyrate levels than healthy people with healthy gut function 22 23. Based on these findings, it would theoretically make sense that supplementing butyrate may improve those issues, and the research actually bears this out, although results are mixed within the category of IBD.

A large 2022 study of 2,990 IBS patients were all treated with butyrate (no placebo group). After 3 months, 99.7% of them had improvements, and 94% said they would continue using butyrate after the study. Patients saw improvements in abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, constipation, urgency, nausea, and quality of life after 3 months 21.

Ulcerative colitis patients may not benefit from butyrate, based on current research, but it shows promising results for increasing long-term remission rates for other IBD patients like those with Crohn’s disease 24 25 26.

How to Supplement Butyrate

Butyrate may be safely taken as a supplement to help address symptoms of IBS, Crohn’s disease, traveler’s diarrhea, and diverticulitis flares 21 22 26 27 28 29.

As a supplement, it’s safe and well-tolerated at dosages between 300 mg to 4 g/day for up to a year 21 26 27 28 29. 

Key Point: Butyrate is produced by gut bacteria, but supplementing may still benefit those with GI symptoms, although we need more research.

5. Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a key component in immune system regulation, metabolizing calcium, the growth and development of cells, and bone health 30 31 32. Low vitamin D levels may contribute to obesity, malnutrition, autoimmunity, and gastrointestinal, liver, and kidney diseases. 

When it comes to gut support, early evidence suggests that vitamin D may help regulate gut microbiota. However, the most consistent findings on this front were when vitamin D was obtained through sun exposure rather than supplementation 33 34 35 36 37 38. 

As you may have guessed from my previous sentence, the most ideal way to obtain vitamin D is to make it yourself through sun exposure—as long as you’re careful not to get burned 39. Through safe sun exposure, your skin actually synthesizes the correct amount of vitamin D your body needs to optimize all the functions vitamin D facilitates.

That being said, your location on the globe, your skin tone, and your ability to be outside enough during peak sunshine may not allow you to get your full dose of sunshine every day. In this case, you’ll want to supplement.

Take a look at this chart to determine where you fall based on skin type and geography.

Table 1. Each skin phototype (lightest to darkest skin), response to UV, cancer risk, SED (amount of UV required to burn), and time in the sun at each UV Index level before burning 40 41 42 43.

Skin phototype Skin response to UV Cancer risk SED(J/m2) Green(Low) Yellow(Moderate) Orange(High) Red(Very high) Purple(Extreme)
I – Extremely sensitive Always burns ++++ 1.5 15 min– 1.5 hr 18–30 min 12–15 min 9–12 min 7.5 min
II – Very sensitive Burns easily +++/++++ 2.5 1 hr 15 min–2.5 hr  30–50 min 20–25 min 15–20 min 12.5 min
III – Sensitive Burns moderately +++ 3 1.5 hr–3 hr 36 min–1 hr 24–30 min 18–24 min 15 min
IV – Mildly sensitive Burns minimally ++ 4 2–4 hr 48 min–1 hr 18 min 32–40 min 24–32 min 20 min
V – Resistant  Rarely burns  + 6 3–6 hr 1 hr 12 min–3 hr 48 min–1 hr 36–48 min 30 min
VI – Very resistant Almost never burns +/- 9 4.5–9 hr 1.8–3 hr 1 hr 12 min–1.5 hr 54 min–1 hr 12 min 40 min

More work needs to be done to clearly define the gut health benefits of vitamin D, but the early research is promising.

How to Choose a Vitamin D Supplement

The most bioavailable form of vitamin D is vitamin D3, so look for labels that say D3 44. Studies at the NIH have found that vitamin K and vitamin D have a synergistic effect when taken together, so it makes sense to find one that contains both 45. Additionally, a 2020 meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials found that combining the two significantly increased bone mineral density in people 46.

Key Point: Vitamin D may help regulate gut microbiota. It’s ideal to get your vitamin D from sunlight; however, if you need to supplement, choose a vitamin D3 that also includes vitamin K2.

6. Collagen

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. It’s found in the bone matrix, muscle tissue, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage, and it’s the reason so many functional doctors and holistic practitioners recommend drinking bone broth to support gut health 47.

Evidence for using collagen to support human gut health is thin, but animal and in vitro cell studies show interesting findings for what’s possible. Animal studies have shown collagen may improve dysbiosis, reduce inflammation, and increase short-chain fatty acid production 48 49 50.

Cell studies suggest collagen may have the potential to reduce leaky gut and inflammation, and increase short-chain fatty acid production 49 51 52. This brings us back to butyrate—collagen may support your body’s production of more butyrate.

In the clinic, I’ve seen improvements when clients include collagen powder in their diet—increased energy and decreased fatigue. Collagen is a protein, so adding it to your diet as an additional protein source may also be beneficial for your overall health. It’s also been shown to support skin health and reduce fine lines and wrinkles when ingested (not topically) 53. 

How to take Collagen

Collagen comes in powder form and can be added to smoothies, soups, or even whisked into your morning coffee for a morning protein boost. It’s an animal product sourced from cows, pigs, or fish, so isn’t suitable for vegetarians. Your body makes collagen, but adding high-quality protein into your diet and shooting for 30 grams per meal, is a great goal to boost collagen production for your overall health. Collagen supplementation can help you achieve that goal. Most collagen supplements recommend around 10 grams/day, but up to 40 grams appears to be well-tolerated for most people.

If you want to make your own collagen-rich bone broth, using the most cartilaginous parts of a chicken is the easiest (and, in my opinion, the most delicious) way to go—chicken feet and wings work best.

Key Point: Collagen may reduce leaky gut and inflammation. It’s also a great source of protein and may improve skin health.

Supplements Geared Toward Specific Gut Health Conditions

After the top six I listed above, there are a few others I’d like to mention for their potential efficacy in addressing specific gut conditions. Here they are:

  1. Berberine
  2. Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
  3. Herbal Antimicrobials
  4. Fiber
  5. Oral Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) or “Microbiome Pills”

Berberine

Berberine is a plant compound often used for improving metabolic health and lowering inflammation. It also has antimicrobial effects. 

While there’s little research to support berberine for addressing gut health, what’s available is promising and worth investigating. A fairly large randomized controlled trial found that berberine may be effective at treating IBS symptoms, including diarrhea, abdominal pain, bowel urgency, anxiety, and depression 54. These findings are encouraging for future research on berberine’s effects on SIBO, since SIBO and IBS tend to go hand in hand. A new clinical trial is underway comparing berberine’s efficacy to that of rifaxamin, the gold standard for treating SIBO with antibiotics 55.

It’s also worth noting that berberine may lower blood glucose, which means it could cause hypoglycemia in some people, so talk to your healthcare provider before starting this one.

Key Point: Berberine may be effective in treating IBS symptoms, including urgency, anxiety, and depression.

Hydrochloric Acid

HCl, or hydrochloric acid, is made in the stomach when the brain tells the stomach you’re about to eat. Its purpose is to break down protein, increase nutrient absorption, enhance digestion in the small intestine, and defend against pathogens. 

If you’re dealing with upper GI symptoms, HCl could be a good solution to consider. Risk factors are low if you don’t already have an ulcer, and you can easily run an at-home assessment to determine whether you’ll benefit from it.

Upper GI issues that HCl may improve include:

  • Burping
  • Reflux
  • Heartburn
  • Indigestion 
  • Bloating
  • Feeling full quickly 
  • Difficulty digesting animal protein

How to Use HCl

You can look for Betaine HCl at your local health foods store or grab a bottle here. For our clients in the clinic, we recommend starting with one capsule 15 minutes prior to each meal. If they don’t experience any relief with just one pill after two to three days, we’ll often have them increase to two capsules before each meal. Some may eventually work up to as many as four capsules to find the ideal dose.

A good rule of thumb in our experience is that if clients see improved symptoms, it’s safe to assume that their body needs supplemental HCl. If there’s no change after two weeks, we’ll recommend they stop taking it and try another avenue.

If you decide to try HCl on your own or, preferably, with a practitioner’s help, be sure to stop taking HCl right away if you feel any burning in your esophagus or stomach after taking it.

Key Point: HCl may be beneficial for those experiencing upper GI issues like burping, indigestion, and reflux.

Herbal Antimicrobials

Herbal antimicrobials are used for dysbiosis and certain gut infections. Curcumin (mentioned in the first section for general gut health) can offer some antimicrobial benefits, especially in combination with other herbs. Other herbal antimicrobials may include oregano oil, boswellia, wormwood, peppermint oil, and STW 5 (Iberogast), although this isn’t an exhaustive list.

Herbal antimicrobials can be effective against: 

Always use herbal antimicrobials with the guidance of a knowledgeable healthcare professional. People with compromised immunity should take extra caution. Just because herbal antimicrobials are natural doesn’t mean they aren’t potent and can’t cause problems if used incorrectly. We also don’t know if they might eventually contribute to antimicrobial resistance if used too frequently and unnecessarily 79.

Key Point: Herbal antimicrobials are intended for those with symptoms of gut dysbiosis and should only be taken under the guidance of a healthcare professional. 

Fiber

The reason fiber is listed here in this section rather than in the top six supplements above is because fiber is best consumed in the foods we eat rather than through supplements 80 81 82. I see the best results when our clients work in five servings of fiber-rich food per day. This amounts to about 25-30 grams of fiber per day. It’s also true that certain gut conditions specifically require a deliberate reduction in fiber as part of the treatment protocol, like SIBO. SIBO protocol calls for a low-FODMAP diet, which may impact your total fiber intake. If you focus on low-FODMAP veggies, you may still be able to reach that 25-30 gram goal.

That being said, you might want to try fiber supplements if your diet is low in fiber and you have constipation, diarrhea, high cholesterol, and high blood glucose 83. Fiber may aid in lowering blood glucose and cholesterol levels. This type of supplement is meant only for brief, temporary use rather than as an ongoing solution to gut challenges 84.

The best fiber to choose is dependent on your goals and needs. Based on available research,  psyllium husk seems to be the most effective at lowering blood glucose and cholesterol 83. Use the recommended dosing on the label as your eventual goal dose, but you may not want to start there. I usually have my clients who may benefit from supplemental fiber start with a ½-teaspoon and then slowly work their way up to three full teaspoons over the course of a few weeks to help reduce any potential side effects.

Risks of Fiber Supplementation

Fiber supplements, especially higher doses, may cause a number of mild GI side effects for people who have IBS, such as:

  • Diarrhea 85
  • Constipation 85
  • Nausea and vomiting 85
  • Difficulty swallowing 85
  • Back pain 85
  • Fatigue 85
  • Flatulence and gas 85
  • Heartburn 85
  • Pelvic pain 85
  • Joint pain 85
  • Bloating 86
  • Sense of fullness 87

People who are malnourished, sick, very young, or very old, or people with impacted bowels or who can’t tolerate the side effects should avoid supplemental fiber 84.

Key Point: Fiber is best consumed in the diet, but supplements may benefit some. Those with IBS have a greater risk of experiencing negative symptoms.

Oral FMT or “Microbiome Pills”

FMT stands for fecal microbiota transplant. Yes, poop pills. These capsules are filled with matter from the GI tracts of healthy people and are used to introduce live, beneficial bacteria to someone with signs of gut imbalance or poor gut health.

FMT research has shown it is effective for treating:

Risks of FMT

The risks of this treatment are low beyond the slight “ick” factor. Side effects may include mild bloating, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and constipation, but generally resolve on their own 113. That being said, this is a newer intervention, and you should try it only after other treatment options fail.

If you go with FMT pills, it is vital to make sure you only source them from reputable sources. Two people reportedly died after using fecal samples from donors who were not properly screened for intestinal pathogens 114. Please don’t ever follow DIY instructions that describe how to take someone else’s poop and introduce it into your own body.

Key Point: FMT is a new intervention that may improve a number of gut issues. This intervention should always be explored under medical supervision.

Start Simply

I’ve given you a LOT of information here. Instead of feeling overwhelmed with the array of potential supplements, start by adding a probiotic and probiotic foods into your daily routine. There are endless dietary supplements on the market making claims about what’s effective for gut health, but the one with absolutely rock-solid research to back its efficacy is probiotics.

The most important thing in choosing supplements is to buy from a reputable company. That’s because the FDA doesn’t regulate supplements the way they regulate pharmaceuticals. Look for the Truth in Labeling logo or other evidence of third-party testing, and ensure that the ingredients underneath the nutrition facts don’t include anything you’re allergic to before you buy.

From there, if you’re not experiencing relief, you can make your way down the list of the top six I listed here. Importantly, your diet is a huge factor in your gut health, and supplementation will only go so far if you’re not giving your body the correct inputs. If you’d like to explore on your own, check out my book Healthy Gut, Healthy You. If you’d like more support on your gut health journey, we’d love to help. Reach out to our clinic to set up a consultation.

The Ruscio Institute has developed a range of high-quality formulations to help our clients and audience. If you’re interested in learning more about these products, please click here. Note that there are many other options available, and we encourage you to research which products may be right for you. The information on DrRuscio.com is for educational purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

Dr. Michael Ruscio is a DC, natural health provider, researcher, and clinician. He serves as an Adjunct Professor at the University of Bridgeport and has published numerous papers in scientific journals as well as the book Healthy Gut, Healthy You. He also founded the Ruscio Institute of Functional Health, where he helps patients with a wide range of GI conditions and serves as the Head of Research.

➕ References

  1. Zhang T, Zhang C, Zhang J, Sun F, Duan L. Efficacy of Probiotics for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Apr 1;12:859967. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.859967. PMID: 35433498. PMCID: PMC9010660.
  2. Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Tang P, Wu Y, Zhang A, Li D, et al. Probiotics fortify intestinal barrier function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Front Immunol. 2023 Apr 24;14:1143548. DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143548. PMID: 37168869. PMCID: PMC10165082.
  3. Zhong C, Qu C, Wang B, Liang S, Zeng B. Probiotics for Preventing and Treating Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review of Current Evidence. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017 Apr;51(4):300–11. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0000000000000814. PMID: 28267052.
  4. Besirbellioglu BA, Ulcay A, Can M, Erdem H, Tanyuksel M, Avci IY, et al. Saccharomyces boulardii and infection due to Giardia lamblia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38(6–7):479–81. DOI: 10.1080/00365540600561769. PMID: 16798698.
  5. Mollazadeh-Narestan Z, Yavarikia P, Homayouni-Rad A, Samadi Kafil H, Mohammad-Alizadeh-Charandabi S, Gholizadeh P, et al. Comparing the Effect of Probiotic and Fluconazole on Treatment and Recurrence of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: a Triple-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2023 Oct;15(5):1436–46. DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09997-3. PMID: 36198994. PMCID: PMC9534588.
  6. Fernández-Alonso M, Aguirre Camorlinga A, Messiah SE, Marroquin E. Effect of adding probiotics to an antibiotic intervention on the human gut microbial diversity and composition: a systematic review. J Med Microbiol. 2022 Nov;71(11). DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001625. PMID: 36382780.
  7. Musazadeh V, Zarezadeh M, Faghfouri AH, Keramati M, Jamilian P, Jamilian P, et al. Probiotics as an effective therapeutic approach in alleviating depression symptoms: an umbrella meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2023;63(26):8292–300. DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2051164. PMID: 35348020.
  8. Lv T, Ye M, Luo F, Hu B, Wang A, Chen J, et al. Probiotics treatment improves cognitive impairment in patients and animals: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Jan;120:159–72. DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.027. PMID: 33157148.
  9. Zhang X-F, Guan X-X, Tang Y-J, Sun J-F, Wang X-K, Wang W-D, et al. Clinical effects and gut microbiota changes of using probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2021 Aug;60(5):2855–75. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02503-5. PMID: 33555375.
  10. Zhang C, Jiang J, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhang H, Zhai Q, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effects of probiotics on functional constipation in adults. Clin Nutr. 2020 Oct;39(10):2960–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.01.005. PMID: 32005532.
  11. Šola KF, Vladimir-Knežević S, Hrabač P, Mucalo I, Saso L, Verbanac D. The effect of multistrain probiotics on functional constipation in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2022 Dec;76(12):1675–81. DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01189-0. PMID: 35927504. PMCID: PMC9708599.
  12. Camilleri M, Vella A. What to do about the leaky gut. Gut. 2022 Feb;71(2):424–35. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325428. PMID: 34509978. PMCID: PMC9028931.
  13. Zhou Q, Verne ML, Fields JZ, Lefante JJ, Basra S, Salameh H, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of dietary glutamine supplements for postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2019 Jun;68(6):996–1002. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315136. PMID: 30108163. PMCID: PMC9549483.
  14. Mottaghi A, Yeganeh MZ, Golzarand M, Jambarsang S, Mirmiran P. Efficacy of glutamine-enriched enteral feeding formulae in critically ill patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2016;25(3):504–12. DOI: 10.6133/apjcn.092015.24. PMID: 27440684.
  15. Wang H, Zhang C, Wu G, Sun Y, Wang B, He B, et al. Glutamine enhances tight junction protein expression and modulates corticotropin-releasing factor signaling in the jejunum of weanling piglets. J Nutr. 2015 Jan;145(1):25–31. DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.202515. PMID: 25527658.
  16. Hatcher H, Planalp R, Cho J, Torti FM, Torti SV. Curcumin: from ancient medicine to current clinical trials. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2008 Jun;65(11):1631–52. DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-7452-4. PMID: 18324353. PMCID: PMC4686230.
  17. Atefi M, Darand M, Entezari MH, Jamialahmadi T, Bagherniya M, Sahebkar A. A systematic review of the clinical use of curcumin for the management of gastrointestinal diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1291:295–326. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-56153-6_18. PMID: 34331698.
  18. Lopresti AL, Smith SJ, Rea A, Michel S. Efficacy of a curcumin extract (CurcugenTM) on gastrointestinal symptoms and intestinal microbiota in adults with self-reported digestive complaints: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2021 Jan 21;21(1):40. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03220-6. PMID: 33478482. PMCID: PMC7818735.
  19. Wang J, Ghosh SS, Ghosh S. Curcumin improves intestinal barrier function: modulation of intracellular signaling, and organization of tight junctions. Am J Physiol, Cell Physiol. 2017 Apr 1;312(4):C438–45. DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2016. PMID: 28249988. PMCID: PMC5407015.
  20. Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Turmeric, the golden spice: from traditional medicine to modern medicine. In: Benzie IFF, Wachtel-Galor S, editors. Herbal medicine: biomolecular and clinical aspects. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2011. PMID: 22593922.
  21. Lewandowski K, Kaniewska M, Karłowicz K, Rosołowski M, Rydzewska G. The effectiveness of microencapsulated sodium butyrate at reducing symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Prz Gastroenterol. 2022 Jan 18;17(1):28–34. DOI: 10.5114/pg.2021.112681. PMID: 35371361. PMCID: PMC8942000.
  22. Sun Q, Jia Q, Song L, Duan L. Alterations in fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Feb;98(7):e14513. DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000014513. PMID: 30762787. PMCID: PMC6408019.
  23. Zhuang X, Li T, Li M, Huang S, Qiu Y, Feng R, et al. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Short-Chain Fatty Acid Characterization in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019 Oct 18;25(11):1751–63. DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izz188. PMID: 31498864.
  24. Jamka M, Kokot M, Kaczmarek N, Bermagambetova S, Nowak JK, Walkowiak J. The Effect of Sodium Butyrate Enemas Compared with Placebo on Disease Activity, Endoscopic Scores, and Histological and Inflammatory Parameters in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Complement Med Res. 2021;28(4):344–56. DOI: 10.1159/000512952. PMID: 33352566.
  25. Vernero M, De Blasio F, Ribaldone DG, Bugianesi E, Pellicano R, Saracco GM, et al. The Usefulness of Microencapsulated Sodium Butyrate Add-On Therapy in Maintaining Remission in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis: A Prospective Observational Study. J Clin Med. 2020 Dec 4;9(12). DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123941. PMID: 33291846. PMCID: PMC7762036.
  26. Di Sabatino A, Morera R, Ciccocioppo R, Cazzola P, Gotti S, Tinozzi FP, et al. Oral butyrate for mildly to moderately active Crohn’s disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005 Nov 1;22(9):789–94. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02639.x. PMID: 16225487.
  27. Banasiewicz T, Krokowicz Ł, Stojcev Z, Kaczmarek BF, Kaczmarek E, Maik J, et al. Microencapsulated sodium butyrate reduces the frequency of abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Colorectal Dis. 2013 Feb;15(2):204–9. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2012.03152.x. PMID: 22738315.
  28. Krokowicz L, Kaczmarek BF, Krokowicz P, Stojcev Z, Mackiewicz J, Walkowiak J, et al. Sodium butyrate and short chain fatty acids in prevention of travellers’ diarrhoea: a randomized prospective study. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Apr;12(2):183–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2013.08.008. PMID: 24063909.
  29. Krokowicz L, Stojcev Z, Kaczmarek BF, Kociemba W, Kaczmarek E, Walkowiak J, et al. Microencapsulated sodium butyrate administered to patients with diverticulosis decreases incidence of diverticulitis–a prospective randomized study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014 Mar;29(3):387–93. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-013-1807-5. PMID: 24343275. PMCID: PMC3936115.
  30. Morris AL, Mohiuddin SS. Biochemistry, Nutrients. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022. PMID: 32119432.
  31. Sizar O, Givler A. Vitamin D Deficiency. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018. PMID: 30335299.
  32. Papadimitriou DT. The big vitamin D mistake. J Prev Med Public Health. 2017 Jul;50(4):278–81. DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.16.111. PMID: 28768407. PMCID: PMC5541280.
  33. Bosman ES, Albert AY, Lui H, Dutz JP, Vallance BA. Skin exposure to narrow band ultraviolet (UVB) light modulates the human intestinal microbiome. Front Microbiol. 2019 Oct 24;10:2410. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02410. PMID: 31708890. PMCID: PMC6821880.
  34. Conteville LC, Vicente ACP. Skin exposure to sunlight: a factor modulating the human gut microbiome composition. Gut Microbes. 2020 Sep 2;11(5):1135–8. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1745044. PMID: 32339065. PMCID: PMC7524261.
  35. De Pessemier B, Grine L, Debaere M, Maes A, Paetzold B, Callewaert C. Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms. 2021 Feb 11;9(2). DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020353. PMID: 33670115. PMCID: PMC7916842.
  36. Bellerba F, Muzio V, Gnagnarella P, Facciotti F, Chiocca S, Bossi P, et al. The Association between Vitamin D and Gut Microbiota: A Systematic Review of Human Studies. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 26;13(10). DOI: 10.3390/nu13103378. PMID: 34684379. PMCID: PMC8540279.
  37. Waterhouse M, Hope B, Krause L, Morrison M, Protani MM, Zakrzewski M, et al. Vitamin D and the gut microbiome: a systematic review of in vivo studies. Eur J Nutr. 2019 Oct;58(7):2895–910. DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1842-7. PMID: 30324342.
  38. Pham VT, Fehlbaum S, Seifert N, Richard N, Bruins MJ, Sybesma W, et al. Effects of colon-targeted vitamins on the composition and metabolic activity of the human gut microbiome- a pilot study. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1–20. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1875774. PMID: 33615992. PMCID: PMC7899684.
  39. Grigalavicius M, Moan J, Dahlback A, Juzeniene A. Vitamin D and ultraviolet phototherapy in Caucasians. J Photochem Photobiol B, Biol. 2015 Jun;147:69–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.03.009. PMID: 25846579.
  40. Salvadori G, Lista D, Burattini C, Gugliermetti L, Leccese F, Bisegna F. Sun exposure of body districts: development and validation of an algorithm to predict the erythemal ultra violet dose. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019 Sep 27;16(19). DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193632. PMID: 31569692. PMCID: PMC6801664.
  41. Table 4, Ultraviolet (UV) Index Levels – The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer – NCBI Bookshelf [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 18]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK247164/table/skincancer.t4/
  42. UV Index Scale | US EPA [Internet]. [cited 2023 Jul 18]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/sunsafety/uv-index-scale-0
  43. Lucas RM, Neale RE, Madronich S, McKenzie RL. Are current guidelines for sun protection optimal for health? Exploring the evidence. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2018 Dec 5;17(12):1956–63. DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00374a. PMID: 29904757.
  44. Balachandar R, Pullakhandam R, Kulkarni B, Sachdev HS. Relative Efficacy of Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3 in Improving Vitamin D Status: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 23;13(10). DOI: 10.3390/nu13103328. PMID: 34684328. PMCID: PMC8538717.
  45. van Ballegooijen AJ, Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Grübler MR, Verheyen N. The Synergistic Interplay between Vitamins D and K for Bone and Cardiovascular Health: A Narrative Review. Int J Endocrinol. 2017 Sep 12;2017:7454376. DOI: 10.1155/2017/7454376. PMID: 29138634. PMCID: PMC5613455.
  46. Kuang X, Liu C, Guo X, Li K, Deng Q, Li D. The combination effect of vitamin K and vitamin D on human bone quality: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Food Funct. 2020 Apr 30;11(4):3280–97. DOI: 10.1039/c9fo03063h. PMID: 32219282.
  47. Paul C, Leser S, Oesser S. Significant amounts of functional collagen peptides can be incorporated in the diet while maintaining indispensable amino acid balance. Nutrients. 2019 May 15;11(5). DOI: 10.3390/nu11051079. PMID: 31096622. PMCID: PMC6566836.
  48. Axarlis K, Daskalaki MG, Michailidou S, Androulaki N, Tsoureki A, Mouchtaropoulou E, et al. Diet Supplementation with Fish-Derived Extracts Suppresses Diabetes and Modulates Intestinal Microbiome in a Murine Model of Diet-Induced Obesity. Mar Drugs. 2021 May 11;19(5). DOI: 10.3390/md19050268. PMID: 34064922. PMCID: PMC8151984.
  49. Rahabi M, Salon M, Bruno-Bonnet C, Prat M, Jacquemin G, Benmoussa K, et al. Bioactive fish collagen peptides weaken intestinal inflammation by orienting colonic macrophages phenotype through mannose receptor activation. Eur J Nutr. 2022 Jan 8; DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02787-7. PMID: 34999930. PMCID: PMC9106617.
  50. Mei F, Duan Z, Chen M, Lu J, Zhao M, Li L, et al. Effect of a high-collagen peptide diet on the gut microbiota and short-chain fatty acid metabolism. J Funct Foods. 2020 Dec;75:104278. DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104278.
  51. Chen Q, Chen O, Martins IM, Hou H, Zhao X, Blumberg JB, et al. Collagen peptides ameliorate intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in immunostimulatory Caco-2 cell monolayers via enhancing tight junctions. Food Funct. 2017 Mar 22;8(3):1144–51. DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01347c. PMID: 28174772.
  52. Larder CE, Iskandar MM, Kubow S. Gastrointestinal digestion model assessment of peptide diversity and microbial fermentation products of collagen hydrolysates. Nutrients. 2021 Aug 7;13(8). DOI: 10.3390/nu13082720. PMID: 34444880. PMCID: PMC8401164.
  53. Al-Atif H. Collagen supplements for aging and wrinkles: A paradigm shift in the fields of dermatology and cosmetics. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2022 Feb;12(1):e2022018. DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1201a18. PMID: 35223163. PMCID: PMC8824545.
  54. Chen C, Tao C, Liu Z, Lu M, Pan Q, Zheng L, et al. A Randomized Clinical Trial of Berberine Hydrochloride in Patients with Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Phytother Res. 2015 Nov;29(11):1822–7. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5475. PMID: 26400188.
  55. Guo H, Lu S, Zhang J, Chen C, Du Y, Wang K, et al. Berberine and rifaximin effects on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: Study protocol for an investigator-initiated, double-arm, open-label, randomized clinical trial (BRIEF-SIBO study). Front Pharmacol. 2023 Feb 15;14:1121435. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1121435. PMID: 36873985. PMCID: PMC9974661.
  56. Hawrelak JA, Wohlmuth H, Pattinson M, Myers SP, Goldenberg JZ, Harnett J, et al. Western herbal medicines in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Jan;48:102233. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102233. PMID: 31987249.
  57. Tan N, Gwee KA, Tack J, Zhang M, Li Y, Chen M, et al. Herbal medicine in the treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 Apr;35(4):544–56. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14905. PMID: 31674057.
  58. Khanna R, MacDonald JK, Levesque BG. Peppermint oil for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014 Jul;48(6):505–12. DOI: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182a88357. PMID: 24100754.
  59. Alammar N, Wang L, Saberi B, Nanavati J, Holtmann G, Shinohara RT, et al. The impact of peppermint oil on the irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-analysis of the pooled clinical data. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 Jan 17;19(1):21. DOI: 10.1186/s12906-018-2409-0. PMID: 30654773. PMCID: PMC6337770.
  60. Black CJ, Yuan Y, Selinger CP, Camilleri M, Quigley EMM, Moayyedi P, et al. Efficacy of soluble fibre, antispasmodic drugs, and gut-brain neuromodulators in irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(2):117–31. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30324-3. PMID: 31859183.
  61. Mahboubi M. Therapeutic Potential of Zataria multiflora Boiss in Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). J Diet Suppl. 2019;16(1):119–28. DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1409852. PMID: 29333891.
  62. Rahimi R, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Induction of clinical response and remission of inflammatory bowel disease by use of herbal medicines: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Sep 14;19(34):5738–49. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5738. PMID: 24039370. PMCID: PMC3769914.
  63. Ng SC, Lam YT, Tsoi KKF, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Wu JCY. Systematic review: the efficacy of herbal therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Oct;38(8):854–63. DOI: 10.1111/apt.12464. PMID: 23981095.
  64. Omer B, Krebs S, Omer H, Noor TO. Steroid-sparing effect of wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) in Crohn’s disease: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Phytomedicine. 2007 Feb;14(2–3):87–95. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.01.001. PMID: 17240130.
  65. Krebs S, Omer TN, Omer B. Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) suppresses tumour necrosis factor alpha and accelerates healing in patients with Crohn’s disease – A controlled clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 2010 Apr;17(5):305–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.10.013. PMID: 19962291.
  66. Langhorst J, Wulfert H, Lauche R, Klose P, Cramer H, Dobos GJ, et al. Systematic review of complementary and alternative medicine treatments in inflammatory bowel diseases. J Crohns Colitis. 2015 Jan;9(1):86–106. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jju007. PMID: 25518050.
  67. Mueller MS, Runyambo N, Wagner I, Borrmann S, Dietz K, Heide L. Randomized controlled trial of a traditional preparation of Artemisia annua L. (Annual Wormwood) in the treatment of malaria. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004 May;98(5):318–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.09.001. PMID: 15109558.
  68. Priotto G, Kabakyenga J, Pinoges L, Ruiz A, Eriksson T, Coussement F, et al. Artesunate and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine combinations for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Uganda: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2003 Jun;97(3):325–30. PMID: 15228253.
  69. Force M, Sparks WS, Ronzio RA. Inhibition of enteric parasites by emulsified oil of oregano in vivo. Phytother Res. 2000 May;14(3):213–4. DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1099-1573(200005)14:3<213::aid-ptr583>3.0.co;2-u. PMID: 10815019.
  70. Ghitea TC, El-Kharoubi A, Ganea M, Bimbo-Szuhai E, Nemeth TS, Ciavoi G, et al. The Antimicrobial Activity of Origanum vulgare L. Correlated with the Gastrointestinal Perturbation in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Molecules. 2021 Jan 8;26(2). DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020283. PMID: 33429991. PMCID: PMC7827761.
  71. Shayegh S, Rasooli I, Taghizadeh M, Astaneh SDA. Phytotherapeutic inhibition of supragingival dental plaque. Nat Prod Res. 2008 Mar 20;22(5):428–39. DOI: 10.1080/14786410701591739. PMID: 18404563.
  72. Hu Q, Peng Z, Li L, Zou X, Xu L, Gong J, et al. The Efficacy of Berberine-Containing Quadruple Therapy on Helicobacter Pylori Eradication in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1694. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01694. PMID: 32116685. PMCID: PMC7010642.
  73. Wang F, Feng J, Chen P, Liu X, Ma M, Zhou R, et al. Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2017 Sep;41(4):466–75. DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2017.04.004. PMID: 28552432.
  74. Singh A, Daing A, Dixit J. The effect of herbal, essential oil and chlorhexidine mouthrinse on de novo plaque formation. Int J Dent Hyg. 2013 Feb;11(1):48–52. DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2012.00556.x. PMID: 22583681.
  75. Yu M, Jin X, Liang C, Bu F, Pan D, He Q, et al. Berberine for diarrhea in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2020 Oct 23;13:1756284820961299. DOI: 10.1177/1756284820961299. PMID: 33149763. PMCID: PMC7586028.
  76. Di Pierro F, Bertuccioli A, Giuberti R, Saponara M, Ivaldi L. Role of a berberine-based nutritional supplement in reducing diarrhea in subjects with functional gastrointestinal disorders. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2020 Mar;66(1):29–34. DOI: 10.23736/S1121-421X.19.02649-7. PMID: 32283882.
  77. Beba M, Djafarian K, Shab-Bidar S. Effect of Berberine on C-reactive protein: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complement Ther Med. 2019 Oct;46:81–6. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.002. PMID: 31519292.
  78. Lockyer S, Corona G, Yaqoob P, Spencer JPE, Rowland I. Secoiridoids delivered as olive leaf extract induce acute improvements in human vascular function and reduction of an inflammatory cytokine: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Br J Nutr. 2015 Jul 14;114(1):75–83. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114515001269. PMID: 26051429.
  79. Purssell E. Antimicrobials. In: Hood P, Khan E, editors. Understanding pharmacology in nursing practice. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2020. p. 147–65. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-32004-1_6.
  80. Wagenaar CA, van de Put M, Bisschops M, Walrabenstein W, de Jonge CS, Herrema H, et al. The effect of dietary interventions on chronic inflammatory diseases in relation to the microbiome: A systematic review. Nutrients. 2021 Sep 15;13(9). DOI: 10.3390/nu13093208. PMID: 34579085. PMCID: PMC8464906.
  81. White N. A Guide to Recommending Fiber Supplements for Self-Care. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2020 Dec;14(6):589–91. DOI: 10.1177/1559827620947375. PMID: 33117099. PMCID: PMC7566180.
  82. Dahl WJ, Stewart ML. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: health implications of dietary fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015 Nov;115(11):1861–70. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.003. PMID: 26514720.
  83. McRorie JW, McKeown NM. Understanding the Physics of Functional Fibers in the Gastrointestinal Tract: An Evidence-Based Approach to Resolving Enduring Misconceptions about Insoluble and Soluble Fiber. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017;117(2):251–64. DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.021. PMID: 27863994.
  84. Muir J. An overview of fiber and fiber supplements for irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2019 Jul;15(7):387–9. PMID: 31391809. PMCID: PMC6676347.
  85. Nagarajan N, Morden A, Bischof D, King EA, Kosztowski M, Wick EC, et al. The role of fiber supplementation in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Sep;27(9):1002–10. DOI: 10.1097/MEG.0000000000000425. PMID: 26148247.
  86. Christodoulides S, Dimidi E, Fragkos KC, Farmer AD, Whelan K, Scott SM. Systematic review with meta-analysis: effect of fibre supplementation on chronic idiopathic constipation in adults. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jul;44(2):103–16. DOI: 10.1111/apt.13662. PMID: 27170558.
  87. Bliss DZ, Savik K, Jung H-JG, Whitebird R, Lowry A. Symptoms associated with dietary fiber supplementation over time in individuals with fecal incontinence. Nurs Res. 2011 Jun;60(3 Suppl):S58-67. DOI: 10.1097/NNR.0b013e3182186d8c. PMID: 21543963. PMCID: PMC3400503.
  88. Tun KM, Hsu M, Batra K, Lo C-H, Laeeq T, Vongsavath T, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Treatment of Clostridioides difficile Infection among Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Microorganisms. 2022 Dec 12;10(12). DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122450. PMID: 36557703. PMCID: PMC9781859.
  89. Yang L, Li W, Zhang X, Tian J, Ma X, Han L, et al. The evaluation of different types fecal bacteria products for the treatment of recurrent Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Front Surg. 2022 Jul 20;9:927970. DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.927970. PMID: 36468073. PMCID: PMC9709817.
  90. Cheng F, Huang Z, Li Z, Wei W. Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplant for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2022 Sep;114(9):543–9. DOI: 10.17235/reed.2022.8814/2022. PMID: 35510325.
  91. Vaughn BP, Fischer M, Kelly CR, Allegretti JR, Graiziger C, Thomas J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of colonic and capsule fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Sep 17; DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.09.008. PMID: 36126907.
  92. Wang J-G, Liang Q, Dou H-H, Ou Y. The global incidence of adverse events associated with fecal microbiota transplantation in children over the past 20 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Nov;37(11):2031–8. DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15996. PMID: 36066910.
  93. Park S-H, Lee J-H, Kim J-S, Kim TJ, Shin J, Im JH, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation can improve cognition in patients with cognitive decline and Clostridioides difficile infection. Aging (Albany NY). 2022 Aug 16;14(16):6449–66. DOI: 10.18632/aging.204230. PMID: 35980280. PMCID: PMC9467396.
  94. Song YN, Yang DY, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Wong K, McArthur E, Song CZ, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Severe or Fulminant Clostridioides difficile Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol. 2022 Feb;5(1):e1–11. DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwab023. PMID: 35118227. PMCID: PMC8806043.
  95. Li Y, Zhang T, Sun J, Liu N. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Health Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022 Jun 27;12:899845. DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.899845. PMID: 35832379. PMCID: PMC9271871.
  96. Nicholson MR, Alexander E, Ballal S, Davidovics Z, Docktor M, Dole M, et al. Efficacy and Outcomes of Faecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection in Children with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2022 Jun 24;16(5):768–77. DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab202. PMID: 34788420. PMCID: PMC9228903.
  97. Kedia S, Virmani S, K Vuyyuru S, Kumar P, Kante B, Sahu P, et al. Faecal microbiota transplantation with anti-inflammatory diet (FMT-AID) followed by anti-inflammatory diet alone is effective in inducing and maintaining remission over 1 year in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2022 Dec;71(12):2401–13. DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327811. PMID: 35973787.
  98. Wei Z-J, Dong H-B, Ren Y-T, Jiang B. Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for the induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ann Transl Med. 2022 Jul;10(14):802. DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-3236. PMID: 35965832. PMCID: PMC9372650.
  99. Huang C, Huang Z, Ding L, Fu Y, Fan J, Mei Q, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation versus glucocorticoids for the induction of remission in mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. J Transl Med. 2022 Aug 12;20(1):354. DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03569-3. PMID: 35962454. PMCID: PMC9373544.
  100. Tan X-Y, Xie Y-J, Liu X-L, Li X-Y, Jia B. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for the Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2022 Jun 26;2022:8266793. DOI: 10.1155/2022/8266793. PMID: 35795291. PMCID: PMC9251102.
  101. El Hage Chehade N, Ghoneim S, Shah S, Chahine A, Mourad FH, Francis FF, et al. Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Active Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023 May 2;29(5):808–17. DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izac135. PMID: 35766805.
  102. Seth AK, Jain P. Fecal microbiota transplantation for induction of remission, maintenance and rescue in patients with corticosteroid-dependent ulcerative colitis: a long-term follow-up real-world cohort study. Intest Res. 2022 Apr;20(2):251–9. DOI: 10.5217/ir.2021.00069. PMID: 35124952. PMCID: PMC9081992.
  103. Haifer C, Paramsothy S, Kaakoush NO, Saikal A, Ghaly S, Yang T, et al. Lyophilised oral faecal microbiota transplantation for ulcerative colitis (LOTUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022 Feb;7(2):141–51. DOI: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00400-3. PMID: 34863330.
  104. Green JE, Davis JA, Berk M, Hair C, Loughman A, Castle D, et al. Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of diseases other than Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut Microbes. 2020 Nov 9;12(1):1–25. DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1854640. PMID: 33345703. PMCID: PMC7757860.
  105. Zhou S, Cui Y, Zhang Y, Zhao T, Cong J. Fecal microbiota transplantation for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2023 Mar 8;38(1):62. DOI: 10.1007/s00384-023-04354-4. PMID: 36882658.
  106. Feng J, Chen Y, Liu Y, Lin L, Lin X, Gong W, et al. Efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023 Sep 3;13(1):14494. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41182-6. PMID: 37661203. PMCID: PMC10475461.
  107. Tkach S, Dorofeyev A, Kuzenko I, Sulaieva O, Falalyeyeva T, Kobyliak N. Fecal microbiota transplantation in patients with post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, clinical trial. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022 Oct 20;9:994911. DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.994911. PMID: 36341232. PMCID: PMC9631772.
  108. Huang H-L, Zhu J-Q, Yang L-S, Wu Q, Shou D-W, Chen H-T, et al. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Combined with a Low FODMAP Diet for the Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome with Predominant Diarrhea. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022 Sep 21;2022:5121496. DOI: 10.1155/2022/5121496. PMID: 36187337. PMCID: PMC9519354.
  109. El-Salhy M, Winkel R, Casen C, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Hatlebakk JG. Efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation for patients with irritable bowel syndrome at three years after transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2022 Jun 13; DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.020. PMID: 35709830.
  110. Guo Q, Lin H, Chen P, Tan S, Wen Z, Lin L, et al. Dynamic changes of intestinal flora in patients with irritable bowel syndrome combined with anxiety and depression after oral administration of enterobacteria capsules. Bioengineered. 2021 Dec;12(2):11885–97. DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1999374. PMID: 34923901. PMCID: PMC8810103.
  111. Wang YZ, Xiao FF, Xiao YM, Li XL, Hu H, Hong K, et al. Fecal microbiota transplantation relieves abdominal bloating in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders via modulating the gut microbiome and metabolome. J Dig Dis. 2022 Aug;23(8–9):482–92. DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.13135. PMID: 36208299.
  112. Xu F, Li N, Wang C, Xing H, Chen D, Wei Y. Clinical efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation for patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinic study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2021 Feb 6;21(1):54. DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01630-x. PMID: 33549047. PMCID: PMC7866462.
  113. Gupta S, Allen-Vercoe E, Petrof EO. Fecal microbiota transplantation: in perspective. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2016 Mar;9(2):229–39. DOI: 10.1177/1756283X15607414. PMID: 26929784. PMCID: PMC4749851.
  114. Park S-Y, Seo GS. Fecal microbiota transplantation: is it safe? Clin Endosc. 2021 Mar 30;54(2):157–60. DOI: 10.5946/ce.2021.072. PMID: 33827154. PMCID: PMC8039753.

➕ Links & Resources

Further Reading: 

Getting Started

Book your first visit

Discussion

I care about answering your questions and sharing my knowledge with you. Leave a comment or connect with me on social media asking any health question you may have and I just might incorporate it into our next listener questions podcast episode just for you!

Transform your health

Every product is science-based, validated by real-world use, and personally vetted by Dr. Ruscio, DC.

Shop Now
Description Description